Marijuana, or cannabis, is a widely used psychoactive substance derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. In Australia, marijuana laws vary by state and territory, with medicinal use becoming more accepted, while recreational use remains largely illegal except in certain jurisdictions like the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). Understanding marijuana can help parents, caregivers, and communities identify possible use, address risks, and connect those affected with support and treatment services.
Cannabis in Australia: Legal Status and Use
In Australia, marijuana is classified as a controlled drug. While medicinal cannabis has been legal under certain conditions since 2016, recreational use is still generally prohibited across the country. The ACT permits limited possession and cultivation of marijuana for personal use, yet it remains illegal under federal law. Cannabis remains one of Australia’s most commonly used illicit substances, and its use often starts in adolescence or young adulthood.
What Is Cannabis?
Marijuana refers to the dried flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds of the cannabis plant, known for its psychoactive properties. The primary mind-altering chemical in cannabis is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), responsible for its euphoric effects. Another prominent compound, CBD (cannabidiol), is non-intoxicating and increasingly studied for its therapeutic benefits. In Australia, synthetic cannabinoids – artificially engineered compounds that mimic THC’s effects but are often much more potent – pose an additional risk, marketed under names like “Kronic,” “Spice,” or “K2.”
Ways Marijuana Is Consumed
Marijuana can be consumed in a variety of ways:
- Smoking: Dried cannabis is often rolled into joints or smoked through pipes and bongs.
- Edibles: Marijuana-infused foods, like baked goods and gummies, are becoming more common, particularly in regions where cannabis use is legal.
- Vaporizing: Vape pens and cartridges allow users to inhale cannabis vapor rather than smoke, which may reduce exposure to harmful byproducts of combustion.
- Concentrates: Hashish and other concentrated forms contain higher levels of THC and are consumed similarly to regular cannabis.
Recognizing Cannabis Use
Recognizing signs of marijuana use can be crucial for timely intervention. Some immediate effects of cannabis include:
- Euphoria or relaxation
- Heightened senses
- Increased appetite, often called “the munchies”
- Poor coordination, making activities like driving unsafe
- Anxiety or paranoia, especially with high THC levels
- Memory problems and issues with complex problem-solving
These signs may be subtle at first but can become more apparent with repeated use. More obvious physical signs include red or bloodshot eyes, impaired motor skills, and distinct odors associated with marijuana smoke.
Long-Term Effects of Marijuana Use
Chronic marijuana use can impact an individual’s health in various ways:
- Cognitive impairment: Regular marijuana use can hinder short-term memory, attention, and learning ability. This is particularly concerning for young people, as their brains are still developing.
- Mental health risks: Marijuana may increase the risk of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and in some cases, psychosis. Individuals with a predisposition to mental health disorders may find their conditions worsened by cannabis use.
- Respiratory issues: Smoking cannabis can harm the lungs similarly to tobacco, exposing users to carcinogens and increasing the risk of chronic bronchitis.
- Dependence and addiction: Although marijuana is not as addictive as other substances, dependence is still possible. This is particularly common among heavy users, who may experience withdrawal symptoms like irritability, sleep disturbances, and appetite changes when they try to quit.
Identifying Cannabis Use in Young People
Parents and caregivers should watch for changes that could suggest marijuana use, such as:
- Social withdrawal and reduced family interaction
- Decreased interest in previously enjoyed activities
- Academic decline and increased school absences
- Neglect of personal grooming
- Mood swings, hostility, or increased irritability
Physical evidence of marijuana use can include pipes, rolling papers, or other paraphernalia, as well as the odor of cannabis or incense used to mask its smell.
Potential Risks of Marijuana in Young Australians
Cannabis use in young people can lead to a range of risks and unintended consequences:
- Academic decline: Marijuana use can lead to poor concentration and memory issues, which may impact school performance.
- Accidents and injuries: Impaired coordination and slowed reaction times increase the risk of accidents, particularly when driving or operating machinery.
- Risky behaviors: There is an association between cannabis use and risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex, which can lead to sexually transmitted infections.
The Impact of Synthetic Cannabinoids
Synthetic cannabinoids present even more dangers, as they are often much more potent than THC. These man-made drugs, often sold under names like “Spice” or “Kronic,” have been linked to severe adverse effects, including hallucinations, heart problems, kidney damage, and even fatalities. In Australia, synthetic cannabinoids are classified as illegal, but they remain a concern, especially in younger populations.
Seeking Help for Cannabis Use
In Australia, treatments for cannabis dependence are available and can be similar to those for other types of substance use disorders. Options include:
- Behavioral therapies: Counseling and behavioral therapies can help users develop coping strategies to manage their addiction and minimize relapse.
- Support groups: Programs like Narcotics Anonymous offer peer support, which can be invaluable in recovery.
- Detoxification: For some, a structured detox program may be necessary to manage withdrawal symptoms.
Australia has a range of support services, such as Kids Helpline and Headspace, that provide guidance and support for young people dealing with drug issues.
Marijuana and Medical Claims in Australia
Despite ongoing debates regarding the medical benefits of marijuana, Australia has strict regulations around medicinal cannabis, requiring a prescription and approval from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Unlike recreational use, medicinal cannabis is carefully regulated and prescribed for specific conditions, such as chronic pain or epilepsy, where other treatments may have been ineffective.
Preventing Marijuana Use in Adolescents
Parental involvement and open communication are key to preventing marijuana use in adolescents. Setting clear rules, maintaining open lines of communication, and being actively involved in a child’s life can significantly influence their choices regarding drug use. Additionally, it’s helpful to educate young people on the legal implications and potential health risks associated with cannabis use, especially given the evolving landscape of cannabis laws in Australia.
Cannabis Overdose Risks with Edibles
One emerging issue is the risk of cannabis overdose, especially with edibles. Due to the delayed onset of effects, users, particularly young children, may consume larger amounts, mistaking them for regular snacks or candy. This can lead to severe intoxication, requiring emergency medical treatment.
Conclusion
Cannabis use, both medicinal and recreational, continues to be a topic of interest and debate in Australia. While medicinal cannabis offers potential benefits for specific conditions, recreational use remains illegal in most parts of the country. By understanding the risks, parents and caregivers can better support young Australians in making informed choices and avoiding the harmful effects of marijuana use.
